Hanya sekitar 10% tumor medula spinalis primer yang berasal dari sel-sel saraf di dalam medulla spinalis.
a) Extramedullary intradural
tumors are the commonest spinal cord tumor (84% of all intradural tumors). Neurofibromas(29%) and meningiomas(25%) are the common ones. Meningiomas are more common in middle aged women and in the thoracic region. Exophytic ependymomas and astrocytomas account for about 20%. Sarcomas, vascular tumors, epidermoids, lipomas etc are occasionally encountered.
b) Intramedullary
tumors are the commonest spinal cord tumors in children. Gliomas (mainly ependymomas & astrocytomass) make up almost 70% of all intramedullary tumors. In children astrocytomas are most frequently encountered, in some material representing up to 81% of such tumors, while in adults alone ependymomas may account for up to 56% of all intramedullary tumors. Vascular tumors, represented by hemaingioblastomas and cavernomas, add upto almost 15% of all intramedullary tumors.
c) Extradural
tumors are mostly metastatic. They spread into spinal cord from contiguous structures. About 5% of all patients with cancer develop vertebral metastasis. Lately, primary non osseous lymphomas are being reported increasingly.
Penyebab
Tidak diketahui
Gejala
Tumor medula spinalis biasanya menyebabkan gejala karena menekan saraf-saraf.
Penekanan pada akar saraf (bagian saraf yang keluar dari medula spinalis) bisa menyebabkan nyeri, mati rasa, kesemutan dan kelemahan. Gangguan penglihatan dan pendengaran, gangguan kognitif dan prilaku.
Penekanan pada medula spinalisnya sendiri bisa menyebabkan kekakuan, kelemahan, gangguan koordinasi dan keseimbangan, dan berkurangnya rasa atau rasa yang abnormal. Tumor juga bisa menyebabkan kesulitan berkemih, hilangnya pengendalian terhadap kandung kemih atau sembelit.
Diagnosa
Orang-orang yang memiliki kemungkinan menderita tumor medula spinalis adalah:
- penderita kanker di bagian tubuh lainnya
- mengeluhkan nyeri di daerah kolumna spinalis tertentu
- mengalami kelemahan, kesemutan atau gangguan koordinasi.
Prognosis
Penyembuhan biasanya tergantung kepada besarnya kerusakan yang terjadi dan kedalaman pertumbuhan tumor ke dalam medula spinalis. Pada sekitar 50% penderita, setelah pengobatan gejalanya tetap ada.
Pemeriksaan
1.Reflexes. Tests like tapping below the knee with a rubber hammer can identify changes in reflexes.
2. Hearing. Using a tuning fork, the physician can check for changes in hearing.
3. Sensation. Use something sharp like a pin to test the sense of touch.4. Movement. Problems with movement are often tested by asking the patient to move his or her tongue, head, or facial muscles - as in smiling - and to perform tasks with the arms and legs.
5. Balance and coordination. Typical tests include maintaining balance with the eyes closed, walking heel-to-toe in a straight line, or touching the nose with the eyes closed.
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